Discutez et critiquez les approches marxistes du genre et du développement

SWYNGHEDAUW L.

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Discutez et critiquez les approches marxistes du genre et du développement

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In Origins of the family, Private Property and the State, Engels refers to the main Marxist idea; « According to the materialistic conception, the determining factor in history is, in the final instance, the production and reproduction of immediate life ».

In Marxism, these social determinisms are the factors of the Human history, in other words of the human exploitation. Capitalism is one of the stages of this materialist history. The Bourgeoisie who possess capital forces and resources exploit workers, underpaying them, and try to perpetuate their dominant class position, preventing social mobility from happening. Marxism's fathers and Marxist feminists perceive women's oppression as the result of this capitalist exploitation. Women symbolize a class of cheap workers and their housework maintains the capitalist system. Thanks for this Marxist analysis; the feminist thought grows richer notably about economic aspects. It provides women's movement with new relevant concepts; like alienation, class consciousness, the surplus... Gender and Development has been enriched of global explanation to understand social inequalities. Marxist approaches allude to the socialist revolution to solve the gender and development issue.

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Marxist approaches have enables Gender and Development studies to grow richer, conceptualizing women's oppression in economic and materialist perspectives
1. The production pattern of a country determines social positions and development process
2. The Mode of Reproduction hold in place the domination of the 'Bourgeoisie'
3. Marxist approaches deal with women's oppression but also women's liberation
Nevertheless, these Marxist approaches perceive women's oppression just as a consequence, among others, of the Capitalist exploitation
1. Women's question still marginal within Marxist thought and goals of the feminist struggle goal are oriented against Capitalism despite of the gender equality
2. The duality within the Marxist theory about the origins of women's discrimination makes confused Feminism thought
3. The Revolution or a socialist regime cannot assure women's liberation and development
This lack of rigor into Marxist approaches had been the reason of the decline of these theories into the feminist thought
1. Marxist approaches are only focused on economic and materialist aspects
2. Marxist Feminism seems to have been less efficient since feminism trends and demands have changed
3. Obviously, we cannot consider women as a class (Marxist definition)

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Extraits

[...] Marxist approaches have enables Gender and Development studies to grow richer, conceptualizing women's oppression in economic and materialist perspectives The production pattern of a country determines social positions and development process According to Marxists, the mode of production determines our conscious and our manner to live. The industrial age and private property are the origins of social tensions. People who possess capital exploit workers because they underpay them. The wage is less high than the created value of the labor. [...]

[...] Nevertheless, Marxist transitions have not put an end to women's oppression. In the Soviet or Chinese political system the male domination had continued. In Feminist Thought, Rosemarie Tong alludes to a socialist feminist, A. Jaggar, who suggests that Marxist must recognize at least the possibility that part of what women in the united stated, in the people's Republic of China, in the so-called Third World nations , and in the Soviet Union have in common is their oppression, as women, by men, as men. [...]

[...] The relation between class and gender oppression is really ambiguous. Actually, women are victims of two distinct oppressions. The fact that theoretical starting points have been vagueness and not really wisdom create confusions into the feminist thought. Socialist feminists have tried to go beyond to these theoretical contradictions but without full success. In Women and Revolution, A. Ferguson and N. Folbre state that this marriage is a truly unhappy one and while capitalist social relations have incorporated many patriarchal forms of domination, they have also weakened some forms of patriarchal control the Revolution or a socialist regime cannot assure women's liberation and development Marxist approaches advocate revolution to collectivize work and to abolish the division of labor. [...]

[...] Marxism's fathers and Marxist feminists perceive women's oppression as the result of this capitalist exploitation. Women symbolize a class of cheap workers and their housework maintains the capitalist system. Thanks for this Marxist analysis; the feminist thought grows richer notably about economic aspects. It provides women's movement with new relevant concepts; like alienation, class consciousness, the surplus . Gender and Development has been enriched of global explanation to understand social inequalities. Marxist approaches allude to the socialist revolution to solve the gender and development issue. [...]

[...] Maria Mies, an ecofeminist, deplores the fact that feminism does not still as large and holistic as during the beginnings of women's movement. Political and economical aspects have disappeared in benefit of cultural and sexual aspects. For her, these new perspectives deal with selfish and individualist issues. In contrast, for M. Mies the reason of this shift is the ‘maturity' of Feminism in university research. The institutionalization of feminism has generated a specialization of research about concrete questions and has broken with radical and essentialist beginnings of Feminism. [...]

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