The rising concerns about racial integration in education in the seventies

Résumé du document

Race has always been an important issue in the United States. A lot of changes occurred since the 13th amendment of 1865 abolishing slavery. The 14th amendment in 1868 granted double citizenship to every Americans. In 1870, the 15th amendment gave freedmen the right to vote. The strong resistance in the South prevented black people to vote for a very long time. During the Second World War, the FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committees) was in charge of making sure that the contracts that AA signed in the defense industry were not discriminatory.

Then, the decision of the Supreme Court Brown Vs Board of education put an end to the principle of «separate but equal», but there were still discrimination's in the access to the right to vote and in public areas. The most important pieces of legislation trying to resolve those problems were the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. We can see that the issues of race and racism shape the American society, the American law, the American social events, etc. The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act did not put an end to the issue, from the seventies until today, the aim has been to apply those acts and to fight against discrimination. We will see that during the seventies, race was an issue in education.

Extraits

[...] Also, the Latinos were another minority group starting to affirm itself. They adopted a cultural pride in the seventies, rejecting integration. A lot of groups were created like the Crusade for Justice (Denver), the Federal Alliance of Land Grants (New Mexico). Separatist groups asked for independence, for more rights, and better housing and economic opportunities. A nationalist sentiment developed in literature, arts, Chicano journals, and periodicals. Bibliography: Steven Gillon, The American Paradox: A History of the United States Since 1945 (Wadsworth Cengage, 3d. [...]

[...] III) The affirmation of other minorities The seventies saw the affirmation of other minorities. To begin with, Native Americans triggered attention. They wanted to raise awareness about the issues of land, of political sovereignty, of treaty rights, of the lack of economic and education opportunities. The American Indian Movement was gaining more and more influence. In 1975, the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, and in 1976 the Indian Health Care Improvement Act fortified tribal sovereignty and increased tribal control of programs affecting their welfare. [...]

[...] The rising concerns about racial integration in education in the seventies Race has always been an important issue in the United States. A lot of changes occurred since the 13th amendment of 1865 abolishing slavery. The 14th amendment in 1868 granted double citizenship to every Americans. In 1870, the 15th amendment gave freedmen the right to vote. The strong resistance in the South prevented black people to vote for a very long time. During the Second World War, the FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committees) was in charge of making sure that the contracts that AA signed in the defense industry were not discriminatory. [...]

[...] These busing battles led to a fracture of the Democratic Party. The white working-class started to resent the government, and there were a lot of defections in urban public schools. In 1974, in Milliken Vs Bradley, the Supreme Court prohibited the forced transfer of students between city and suburban schools. This led to the phenomenon of «white flight»: white people left the rural areas to come and live to the suburbs. So the urban schools were more segregated than before the busing battle! [...]