Saint-Malo and the birth of common european security and defense policy

Jean-Baptiste B.

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Saint-Malo and the birth of common european security and defense policy

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The European defense department has a long history, and has been through many ups and downs. The Western European Union's (WEU) the first attempt at a common European alliance was superseded by NATO. The EDC (European defense Community) was another attempt at a unified European Defense which failed in 1952. During the 1990s, the NATO affirmed that one of its priorities was to develop a European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) within NATO. This, basically, means that NATO was supporting the creation of coherent military and effective forces that could operate under the control of the WEU. On December 4, 1998, Prime Minister Tony Blair, and French President Jacques Chirac approved the building of ESDI within NATO and the close cooperation between NATO and WEU at a summit in Saint-Malo. The Saint-Malo summit introduced a new European military strategy, and can be considered as the birth of ESDP.

Sommaire

Saint-Malo is the result of a pragmatic European Defense construction, relevant of a historical lack of European military structure
1. The tragedies of Kosovo and Bosnia have led the EU to reconsider its military place in the world
2. The birth of ESDP reveals a progressive building process of the EU to fill that lack
The Saint-Malo process illustrates a will of the EU to shape a new international order
1. The new approach of the 1998 United Kingdom was the first impulse for building ESDP
2. The Saint-Malo process defines, step by step, a new complex relation of the EU with other actors
The diversity of stakes, and the difficulties ESDP has already faced reveals how delicate is the issue of ESDP for the EU
1. The defense community building may be seen as a political and economical integration process
2. The complexity of this process illustrates difficulties already faced by the ESDP

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Extraits

[...] The Saint-Malo Summit was then held in December 1998 between Tony Blair and Jacques Chirac, which was not an official EU summit but boosted the Cologne summit. It defined two priorities of the CFSP as far as defense and security are concerned: Autonomy of European decisions (including the very technical fields) and the building of a “credible” European military force. This credibility seemed difficult to reach because of the both civilian and military aspects of EU interventions. The very short “Saint-Malo declaration” gave birth to the “spirit of Saint-Malo”, defining the main points of a new European security and defense policy. [...]

[...] -“Trois scenarios pour une PESD” by Elvire FABRY & Colomban LEBAS. In Institut français des Relations Internationales, 2005/2. - http://www.euractiv.com/en/security/eu-security-defence-policy- archived/article-117486 - www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/defense- securite_9035/defense-europeenne_9040/pesd_19650.html -La politique extérieure de sécurité et de défense de l'UE : les cinq premières années. Nicole Gnesotto, Javier Solana. Institut d'Etudes de sécurité de l'UE -“Saint-Malo plus five: an interim assessment of ESDP”. By Joylon HOWORTH. Policy Paper November 2003. Available on http://www.notre-europe- asso.fr/policy7-en.pdf. - “Mediate to la déclaration de Saint-Malo et la défense britannique en Europe by Brigitte VASSORT-ROUSSET. In Arès vol. [...]

[...] The civil operations are: EUPOL Kinshasa (in DRC), EUSEC RDC, AMIS (in Sudan), EUPOL COPPS (in Palestinian territories), EUJUST LEX (in Iraq), EUBAM Rafah, European Union Police Mission (or EUPM, as a second force after the UN mission in Bosnia) and EUPOL AFGHANISTAN. Finally, the substantial number of missions since birth of ESDP seems to reveals a great success of this policy. Not only does the Saint-Malo process answer with a pragmatic construction to a lack in the European Security Policy of the CFSP. It also reveals a new international system shift that made the ESDP building obvious. II. [...]

[...] This cooperation was led by the idea of common interests of both France and the UK. However, the UK would have accepted it only if France could make it sure that this new partnership would not damage the “special link” between the UK and the US. What is more, a European cooperation should not be seen as excluding the United States with the help of ESDI. The UK was willing to find a new cooperation with France and the rest of the EU. [...]

[...] Saint-Malo and the birth of common european security and defense policy Introduction: Saint-Malo is the result of a pragmatic European Defense construction, relevant of a historical lack of European military structure The tragedies of Kosovo and Bosnia have led the EU to reconsider its military place in the world. The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) The Kosovo conflict (1999) 2. The birth of ESDP reveals a progressive building process of the EU to fill that lack. From Petersberg to Cologne: the institutional birth of ESDP. [...]

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