In what way can Hirschman's model of "Exit, voice and loyalty" be used to analyse international migration?

Résumé du document

International migration is today a very broad subject. It interests social scientists, policy makers and economists who want to attract the best possible workers for their state. Hirschman has created a model "Exit, voice and loyalty" that analyses the choices that are available to person when the quality of a service they use declines. International migration can be seen as a result of people moving because the quality of the state has declined. We should thus be able to apply Hirschman's model to it. Better than just apply, can his model rightly analyse international migration?
In this essay, I am going to try to answer that question.

Extraits

[...] At the state level, government can try to modulate international migration according to its wishes. Hence, the initial recuperation process does not exist here any more. States do not listen to the voice and care about the number of people exiting because they do shape these factors. So the framework can be used to understand international migration but it has become quite different from Hirschman's original use of it. Instead of trying to find a perfect mix of voice and exit that will assure the survival of the state in the long run, some states use it for short term goals only. [...]

[...] So we have to be cautious, even though Hirschman's model can explain a lot it only explains migration based on a decline in the state's quality. So making that assumption, what do voice and exit explain (loyalty being a subjective factor that will incline migrant to voice their discontent rather than to exit)? The person's will to emigrate will depend on the ties that bound her to her home community, on her gender, on her position in the household, on her share of power to modify things at a political level[6]. [...]

[...] Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Response to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press p For Hirschman, voice is attempt at all to change, rather than to escape from, an objectionable state of affairs' A.O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Response to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press p.30. For Hirschman, loyalty is the degree of attachment to a product or oganisation. A.O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Response to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. [...]

[...] In what way can Hirschman's model of voice and loyalty” be used to analyse international migration? International migration is today a very broad subject. It interests social scientists, policy makers and economists who want to attract the best possible workers for their state. Hirschman has created a model voice and loyalty” that analyses the choices that are available to person when the quality of a service they use declines. International migration can be seen as a result of people moving because the quality of the state has declined. [...]

[...] But according, to Hirschman's model, when exit is not available, individual turn to the voice option, they cannot just stay there do nothing. That was not the case though, a few voices were heard (such as the poet Byrman's) but these were only scattered occurrences. Why? Voice was felt to be forbidden as well: the government did lessen exit by construing the wall but he also showed his willingness to remain in total control of the situation, that is not let voice interfere with its plans. [...]