The enemy : the condition of the political or a political construction ?

Résumé du document

According to Schmitt's theory, a political notion is centered on the state, not as an institution, but as the result of an interaction between various components of society. Men constitute a governmental association where the state becomes the factor of unity in this association. However, using the enemy as a political notion will result in instrumentalizing an antagonism to defend a selfish interest.

Extraits

[...] If we take the example of the FBI and the CIA in the United States, it is clear that, the role of these institutions has certain overlapping. When it comes to describing threats to security, will be quoting the websites), the FBI mentions “foreign intelligence, terrorist activities perpetrated in the United States, threats of gangs and white-collar crime”. On the other hand, the CIA emphasises on exterior enemies, such as “proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, international organised crime Thus, as we have seen, the notion of enemy structures the different elements of society together and create political relations within a “governmental society”, that is, as alluded to in our introduction, the lack of objectivity, defence of interests with the research of friends or foes in society to achieve a specify goal. [...]

[...] The enemy is a construction that is a condition of the political, in its regularity aspect, but also to prevent its disintegration. Schmitt's conclusion is particularly meaningful: a people which does not have an enemy means the end of the political and thus, the end of this people. Conclusion The enemy is a construction that serves the political, and the state is the aggregation of its various components, which are all competing for power. Therefore, the notion of enemy as designated by the state is nothing but the notion shared by part of a state such as a majority, or specific ideological, religious, economic groups. [...]

[...] In this sense, it is a political construction. Once the enemy has been denounced, society is committed to variety of commitments and loyalisms towards the authority that denounced something as the enemy. The reaction of this society towards the threat (support / no support of the denunciator) is an act of allegiance / rebellion of power. The enemy is a structural notion that leaves no room for neutrality, which is why it is a political construction; it is the condition of the political taken as the interactions between all the components of a state. [...]

[...] The handover duplicates the fear of assimilation with mainland China. Various strategies are put into place to differentiate Hong Congers from Mainland Chinese: economic threat caused by the invasion of poor Mainland Chinese on the rich city, the necessity to maintain the border between the Special Administrative Region and the Mainland, the threat caused by the “agents of the in Hong Kong plotting against the SAR government . - Association of threats in a political discourse Didier Bigo shows that the political discourse proceeds by association and gradually directs the attention towards a danger that did not exist before being mentioned by gradually linking up notions. [...]

[...] The enemy is a creation structuring a society A. The speech act: the creation of the enemy An enemy does not exist until it is mentioned - The concept of enemy does not reflect objectivity An enemy can be denounced as such although its influence can be beneficial and in the same manner, a friend can be totally harmful. In other words the declaration of enemy is a choice that is not based on objectivity towards the enemy. Instead, it is the result of an assessment taking into account a broader situation, where it may be beneficial to designate something as an enemy (Schmitt) - Discourse can create a situation which denounces an enemy This introduces the concept of speech act, as it was theoretized by Ole Waever. [...]