Migratory pattern between Mexico and the USA : historical elements and current trends of a migratory couple

Lisa H.

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Migratory pattern between Mexico and the USA : historical elements and current trends of a migratory couple

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The United States and Mexico share a common history that includes some dramatic events such as the territorial struggles which often turned into established wars. In 1848 the USA annexed California and other Northern Mexican states. The episode generated important dissensions among the population, leading to a massive departure of the Mexicans who used to live in the annexed territories. An estimated 25% went to the Mexican territories. This episode is extremely relevant in understanding the tradition of migration between both countries. New borders did not lead to the end of ties and relationships between both areas. Thus, since the rest of the Mexicans had stayed in the United States, networks between the two countries were established, enabling and facilitating new flows in both directions. On the American side, the farmers travelled to Mexico to hire labor force that was also courted to work in the construction of railways and in the industrial sector of flourishing cities such as Chicago.

Sommaire

From the 19th century to the 20th century: the advent of a structuring logic, preliminary of a deep-rooted migratory tradition until the 70's
1. Promotion of labor migration: historical elements to understand the advent of the migratory tradition between both countries
2. Institutionalization on the basis of a deep tradition between both countries: the Bracero Program
3. The migratory pattern until the 70's: circular migration of rural male workforce from the traditional states
From the end of the 20th century to the 21st century: a new migratory area through massification of the phenomenon and diversification of the migratory patterns
1. In the 80's, settlement of a new context: demographic and economic changes in Mexico, new legislations in the USA
2. The establishing of the new migratory patterns in the 80-00's: massification of the flows and new modalities of migration
3. Emergence of new profiles of immigrants: geographical diversification and socio-economic changes
A phenomenon that triggers dramatic consequences for both countries: implications and future trends
1. Behind the international migration: social, demographic, economic and political effects on both countries of the migratory couple
2. Which future trends for the Mexican migration to the USA? : insight of the forecasts

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Extraits

[...] and in the other hand a systematic closure of the countries of destination. The obvious result of this combination of antagonist elements is the boom of the undocumented immigration. The main expression of the phenomenon is the symptomatic resort to “polleros”, people that the immigrants pay to cross the border. The EMIF has observed a growing use of their services for 15 years. For example, between 1993 and 1997, only a 15 percent of the Mexican immigrants used to contract “polleros” whereas they were 41 percent in the early 2000's (graph I-5). [...]

[...] Nevertheless, with the Central region, they have shown the highest growth rates in the 1990's and 2000's, with 6.1 percent - Central Region - and 7.4 percent - South-South East region - of annual growth whereas the traditional region only increased by 4.1 percent per year and the Northern region by 3.0 percent. Graph Population born in Mexico and living in the USA according their region of origin, 1990-2005 (in thousands). Source: Proyecciones de Población 2000-2050, CONAPO 2002. Nowadays out of 2 Mexican that lives in the United States comes from the “traditional region”. Despite the geographic diversification of the Mexican immigrants with more states with high migratory index, the 9 traditional states of migration remain the most important source of the current flows. [...]

[...] Migratory pattern between Mexico and the USA : historical elements and current trends of a migratory couple 1.1 From the 19th century to the 20th century: the advent of a structuring logic, preliminary of a deep-rooted migratory tradition until the 70's Promotion of labor migration: historical elements to understand the advent of the migratory tradition between both countries The United States and Mexico share a common history that includes some dramatic events such as the territorial struggles turning often into established wars. [...]

[...] The Bracero program, through the 4.6 million of Mexican workers the “braceros” who went to the USA converted the agricultural fields of America into the most productive in the planet. The contracts were controlled by independent farmers associations and the "Farm Bureau." The contracts were in English and thus the Mexicans would sign them without understanding their full rights and the conditions of employment. When the contracts expired, the “braceros” were required to turn in their permits and return to México. [...]

[...] In addition, we notice in the 1990's and 2000's a diversification of the immigrants' origins with the participation of rural areas as sending regions even if there are important variations of the urban-rural balance. Even if the rural migration was the basis of the traditional migratory movements in the early 20th century, the proportion of urban immigrants had risen considerably but the balance seems to have been restored in the 1990's and 2000's. The evolution is mainly due to the new regions of migration with 71 percent of their flows composed with Mexicans from rural communities. [...]

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