Coal: energy of the future or energy of the past?

Résumé du document

In 2006, Doctor Heinz Scholtholt, member of a German firm of the energy industry (STEAG), pretended that Germany could become the worldwide leader of the coal industry by developing new clean coal technologies. Less than a year later, the German coalition's government has decided to stop its coal production by 2018, because the German coal isn't competitive enough anymore and needs a lot of subventions, and because nowadays most of the consumed coal in Germany comes from imports. These paradoxically declarations illustrates the current debate on coal. Indeed Germany is about to stop what highly contributed to its economic development and industrialization in the late nineteenth century and in the twentieth, although some specialists say that coal isn't only energy of the past. Actually the debate lies in the fact that energy scientists are divided on the future of coal, whether we are able to make it become energy of the future or not. But what does exactly mean energy of the past and energy of the future? Everybody agrees on the fact that coal contributed to the development of the Western world in the XIXth and XXth centuries, it is an historical fact. However an environmental awareness is growing, especially concerning the emissions of carbon dioxide that is one of the reasons why the debate on coal takes place nowadays. What is meant by “energy of the future” is mainly an energy that is compatible with a cleaner environment and with sustainable development, but also which can face the problem of the growing energy demand. The latest of course concerns Western countries, which already have a high consumption of energy, but above all developing countries such as China and India that have an exploding demand of energy. Nowadays, coal represents 24, 4% of the Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) (IEA 2003). It is mainly used as primary resource for producing electricity in developed countries since steam engines are obsolete, and would therefore be used in the future for electricity generation. For instance it currently produces a quarter of the American electricity (Kunstler 2005) and 40, 1% of the total electricity production in 2003 according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). But it is also produced for industrial, domestic and commercial heating, and is used for the steel industry as well. What is more in some developing countries its use is more basic through old techniques that are highly polluting (steam engines, coal-firing…). We will focus in this paper on the debate on the necessity of using coal in the future and with which consequences. So as to overwhelm the binary opposition past / future, we will develop in the first part the hypothesis that the coal use is linked with the capacity of oil's production.

Extraits

[...] Coal facing the growing climate change awareness a. Environmental issues linked to coal b. New technologies c. The problem of transition 4. Conclusion: should coal be the future energy? Problem of centralization Renewable and degrowth vs. coal: a debate restricted to Western societies? 1. Introduction In 2006, Doctor Heinz Scholtholt, member of a German firm of the energy industry (STEAG), pretended that Germany could become the worldwide leader of the coal industry by developing new clean coal technologies. [...]

[...] The European construction also began with the famous treaty creating the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Coal was an important source of energy both in the capitalistic world and in the USSR. Except some visionaries, people thought coal had opened the doors to a world where there was no limit in energy sources. The goal was rather extracting as much coal as possible as determining the importance of the resources. The enthusiasm appears each time a new source is discovered, this happened later with oil. (Radanne 2005). [...]

[...] What is more, they are also more human-friendly since they limit the firing of the workers on ancient plants. However, while this solution enables to emit less carbon dioxide in making the most efficient use of the available sources of energy, it doesn't help tackling global warming consequently, insofar that still an enormous quantity of CO2 is rejected in the atmosphere. That is why research also focuses on developing clean coal technologies that aim at preventing the emission of toxic particles such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. [...]

[...] Indeed many countries, and at the apex France, have been developing nuclear energy so as to resolve the energy issue. However this implies a costly investment from the state and security conditions that are often not fulfilled by developing countries because of political insecurity, geographical location (zones of earthquakes in India for instance) or sufficient knowledge and formation. Besides the countries that are in possession of nuclear plants are often reluctant to disseminate their technologies because of economic reasons and tensions within international relations. [...]

[...] Firstly the coal combustion rejects highly polluting particles, leading to air pollution and the formation of smog and dense clouds that cross the frontiers, as it happened in China in the early April 2006: the cloud was carried by the wind to nearby Seoul and crossed the Pacific Ocean until meeting the west coast of the United States. Since these particles are microscopic they can . contribute to respiratory disease, cancers and heart disease. Coal also emits sulfur oxides that contribute to acid rains. [...]