Charles Darwin's theories upon "Evolution" had a great impact on the scientific world in the nineteenth century, and contributed to change with respect to mentalities in a well-established Victorian society. He is mostly remembered for his conception of Evolutionism based on his theory of "Natural Selection", which radically transformed the scientific point of view on the immutability of species. Extended to the human race, his writings gave a new perception of the role of human beings in nature, and also in society. The influence of his theories can still be noticed today and that is one of the main reasons we have chosen to study his work. Why his ideas raised such a debate around the origins of man and what repercussions they had on nineteenth-century mentalities shall be the leading questions of our searches. It seemed to be important to go back to the sources of the process of "Natural Selection" to better understand the impact it had, which is partly revealed by the mirrors of the mood of the period: the writers. Indeed, they represent one of the groups of artists who can convey ideas upon the atmosphere of a particular period. We can assert that Darwin's first book, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) deeply marked the nineteenth century and thus influenced, consciously or unconsciously, some writers. We have more particularly chosen to study one of Thomas Hardy's novels, Jude the Obscure (1895), as well as Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1872) primarily because they were contemporaneous with the emergence of Darwinism, and also as these writers are actually very different from each other. Indeed, we have a realist novel on the one hand, and a fairy tale on the other hand. Moreover, they are, at first sight, dedicated to different types of readers as Jude the Obscure is a novel for adults while Alice is meant for children. However, we will study what lies behind Carroll's writings and see that they can be read on different levels and, to a certain extent, can reach grownups. That is why it will be interesting to find what themes are dealt with by the two authors and their links with Darwin's theories. The comparison between the ways the writers tackle these themes will be our purpose. As a result, our study will be divided into two main parts, and we will link civilization with literary analysis in order to see the social and scientific impact of Darwinism on Victorian society, and its influence on nineteenth-century literature.
First of all, we will tackle Darwin's career and see how the concept of Natural Selection progressively came to his mind. We will see to what extent his studies and family environment led him to be a naturalist and we will more precisely show how his trip on the Beagle proved to have a decisive role in his conception of biological and geological phenomenon.
Tags: Darwinism, Lewis Carroll, Survival of the Fittest, Victorian Age
[...] Childhood means ignorance and innocence, and far from being a romantic period in Wonderland it is rather one of weakness. This is expressed by the Gryphon when he says: you don't know what to uglify is, you are a simpleton.”(chap.IX, 83). As a matter of fact, ignorance is not allowed in Wonderland and once again, Alice is despised by a creature because of it. Her challenge is to become an adult but her mistake is to try and imitate them. [...]
[...] We can nonetheless suggest that this passage underlines the fact that she has to learn the subtleties of meaning depending on syntax and context. The intellectual process is different from the two others in the sense that it is not progressive. Alice already has the keys to resolve Wonderland logic and her challenge is to learn how to use it. The process of growth and metamorphosis is at the centre of Carroll's books since his main purpose is to show the evolution of a little girl into a woman. [...]
[...] Thus more than dealing with past influences, we may say that Hardy created a new genre with his work, foreshadowing the next century's literary movement. Hybrid words and nonsense in Carroll's books Lewis Carroll was fascinated by language and his singular consideration of it can be expressed in a book where imagination and fiction prevail. More than playing with the sound and meaning of words as we have studied previously, his characteristic is to create new words, which at first sight have no meanings, or at least, not conventional ones. [...]
[...] Contrary to the psychological transformation which is progressive and can only be noticed in retrospect by the reader, physical metamorphosis is sudden and Alice's reactions to it are illustrations of the process of growth. We shall see why her attempts to be the right size fail, and try to understand what is this “right size”. More than making her adapt herself to space, Carroll organizes another challenge for the little girl. Alice has to be able to understand Wonderland language, and in order to achieve this, she is led to ignore its inconsistencies and incoherences. [...]
[...] The relationship between Alice and space is the consequence of her need for adjustment, for adaptation to the adult world. At the beginning of the book, her mind is separated from her body, whose growth she neither controls nor understands, and her challenge shall be to find harmony between those two entities, to be able to answer the question: in the world am I?”(chap.I, 13). Most of her shifts in size occur in the first chapters where Alice is completely puzzled by the new situation she has to face. [...]
Source aux normes APA
Pour votre bibliographieLecture en ligne
avec notre liseuse dédiée !Contenu vérifié
par notre comité de lecture
