Soviet Literature: A clearly defined and a Poor quality Literature? Literary policies and their consequences on Soviet Literature, and perceptions of this one

Jenny R.

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Soviet Literature: A clearly defined and a Poor quality Literature? Literary policies and their consequences on Soviet Literature, and perceptions of this one

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The Soviet Communist ideology which has ruled everything in the Soviet Union for decades was based on Marx's ideas, concepts as Dialectical Materialism. In this theory the world was in perpetual process of change, this through a dialectical movement which was made of conflict between the oppressed class and the oppressing class, the end of the process being the realization of Communism, a perfect world of freedom, equality….In this theory “only the material world, and particularly economic production, [had] reality, ideas being merely the reflection of things material.” Before considering ‘Soviet Literature', it is important to explain the two connotations of Soviet. Here Soviet would be considered in a territorial sense (a Soviet author is a citizen (or a former citizen) of the Union of Soviet and Socialist Republics). But it will also possess a more ideological connotation, as Soviet can be used to refer to someone or something in accordance with the (Communist) Party official ideology. Literature as any other arts were considered by the Communist Party (which headed the Soviet Government) as the best instrument for propaganda, diffusion of Soviet ideology, values, greatness….For these reasons many attention was paid to literary policies, as to anything linked to literary production. Notions and assumptions of the function of literature, of the arts, and the role of the artist, are quite different from those that are generally accepted in Western countries today.

Sommaire

Introduction.
1. The Soviet Communist ideology.
2. Literature as any other art.
Lenin's heritage and literary movements confrontation.
1. Lenin's legacies and his 1905 article 'On party organization and Party Literature'.
2. Questions that areose after the Revolutions of 1917.
3. This Federation of Soviet Writers.
Censorship.
1. The Soviet Regime.
2. The Chief Administration for Literary Affairs and Publishing.
3. The punitive system.
4. The fact that the worst enemy of the author was maybe the author himself.
The Union of Writers.
1. The Union: not 'officially created' by the Party.
2. The Party's reluctance to be seen as interfering directly on literary creation.
Incentives for members of the Writers' Union.
Socialist Realism.
1. Not just an evolution from Critical Realism
2. The new guiding principle.
3. Partiynost as one among the most important concepts of Socialist Realism.
4. The most negative aspect of Socialist Realism.
Gorky.
1. Association with revolutionaries and outspoken opinion on the existing social order.
2. His return to Russia.
3. A proletarian author with an international audience and huge prestige.
Dissidents, Opponents and Loyalists.
1. The most gifted authors among Custodians.
2. Liberals and dissidents.
The International Scene: Soviet perception of the West.
Westerners' opinions.
Different authors view points.
Foreign opinions.

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Extraits

[...] Littératures soviétiques. Paris: Denoël pp.42 Hingley, Ronald. Russian Writers and Soviet Society 1917-1978.pp. XIV Kemp-Welsh, A. Stalin and the Literary Intelligentsia, 1928-1939. [...]

[...] Some critics believed one cannot use the term and the concept of because of the dependence of Soviet Literature toward government; this stance defended the necessity for the artist to be to a certain extent autonomous from the exterior world. The other stance defended the engagement and the involvement of the author involved in political thoughts, and who had a moral and intellectual responsibility toward mankind. In such a view, the author must write in a “Communist which is perceived as a revival of Humanism and its ideals. [...]

[...] Before his death, the writer became more and more exasperate and a bit less careful, as his suggestions always more critical could illustrate it. Although honored beyond all other living authors, Gorky was also a prisoner of the regime. The circumstances if his death on June at the age of sixty-eight, are still unclear Dissidents, Opponents and Loyalists As Gorky's moving attitude toward the Party and its leading figures illustrate, literary policies were and the inducements and penalties implied with these policies, were not always admitted and especially from the early 1930s onwards, writers tended to divide between the ones who abided by these rules, Custodian, and the other ones, Liberals or Dissidents. [...]

[...] He returned to Russia in 1914, just in time for World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 that he opposed, publicly criticizing Lenin's methods. Disillusioned with post-revolutionary life and sick, he went to Italy, where he remained from 1922 to 1930. When he returned to Russia he was greeted with extravagant festivities for his 60th birthday. A governmental decree from Mars underlined the gratitude for exceptional services done by this great revolutionary writer”. Was also underlined his important part in the revolutionary struggle for the labor class and the Party. [...]

[...] Inside the Soviet Writers' Union. New York: MacMillan pp.9 Hingley, Ronald. Russian Writers and Soviet Society 1917-1978, pp.17 Hayward, Max cited in Dewhirst, Martin and Robert Farrell, ed., The Soviet Censorship. Metuchen: N.J pp.84; in Ibid., pp.13 Ibid. pp.195 Surotsev, Yury. Union of Soviet Writers as a Professional Public Organization”, in The Union of Soviet Writers: Aims, Organizations, Activities. Moscow: Progress pp.5-12; in Garrard, John & Carol. Inside the Soviet Writers' Union . [...]

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