If you lack money do you also lack freedom? Please explain your position with reference to the works of at least two of the following: Berlin, Taylor, and MacCallum

Résumé du document

"Whenever a separation is made between liberty and justice, neither, in my opinion, is safe." (Edmund Burke). Defining justice and how achieve a just society depends on the conception we have of the notion of liberty and equality. These two elements are the core notions of political philosophy since political theorists have constructed their theories of justice from these two central concepts. This is also what argues Edmund Burke in this quotation. In his opinion, no distinction can be done between liberty and justice; no justice can be conceived without considering liberty. The idea of liberty has such appeal that its analysis preoccupies most of political philosophers in very different schools of thought from Libertarians, Liberals, Republicans, Feminists, Marxists or Anarchists, each of them claiming to be its true defender. It is a topic debated in philosophy since Ancient Greece. The first deep analysis is probably the one of Aristotle in The Nicomachean Ethics with the notion of "free will" or before then with Plato in The Republic searching to define liberty in metaphysic significance.

Extraits

[...] Gerard MacCallum, “Negative and Positive Freedom” in The Philosophical Review, Volume 76, Issue (July 1967), pp. 312-334. Charles Taylor, “What's wrong with Negative Liberty?” first published in The Idea of Freedom, edited by Alan Ryan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 175-193. Adam Swift, Political Philosophy, a beginners' guide for students and politicians, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), chapter 2. Wikipedia contributors, Article "Liberty," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty&oldid=99438085 (accessed January 15, 2007). Carter, Ian, "Positive and Negative Liberty", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2003 Edition), Edward N. [...]

[...] Berlin, Isaiah, Concepts of Liberty” first published in Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Clarenton Press, 1969), pp. 121-54, 169-172. Quoted by Isaiah Berlin in a note of his essay: "The free man is the man who is not in irons, nor imprisoned in a gaol (jail), nor terrorized like a slave by the fear of punishment . it is not lack of freedom not to fly like an eagle or swim like a whale." John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, (London : J.W. Parker, 1859). [...]

[...] In this essay, I shall argue that yes, if you lack money, you also lack freedom, giving thus support to the concept of “positive” liberty but I shall also argue that this conception of liberty may be dangerous and that a third way to define it has to be explored. Firstly I will deal with Negative liberty explaining why it is an insufficient approach requiring to be completed. Secondly I will focus on the positive liberty, its problems and critics and why the distinction between positive and negative freedom has been criticised. [...]

[...] The term of positive liberty is used because in this case, being free requires the presence of something (i.e. of control, self- mastery, self-determination, education, intelligence or self-realisation). In Berlin words, the positive concept of liberty is attempted in answering the question: or who, is the source of control or interference that can determine someone to do, or be, this rather than This notion has being associated with continental European thinkers such as Hegel, Rousseau (notably with the concept of General Will), Herder and Marx. [...]

[...] Please explain your position with reference to the works of at least two of the following: Berlin, Taylor, and MacCallum “Whenever a separation is made between liberty and justice, neither, in my opinion, is safe.” (Edmund Burke). Defining justice and how achieve a just society depends on the conception[1] we have of the notion of liberty and equality. These two elements are the core notions of political philosophy since political theorists have constructed their theories of justice from these two central concepts. [...]