History of Italy - From Antiquity to Renaissance

Résumé du document

From the twelfth century BC to the late Bronze Age central Italy was dominated by two centuries of civilization itself. "Apennine?, lived on the stretches along the mountain chain of Apennines, and raided the farmers and ranchers of the plains, living in huts and caves. The dead were buried in tombs shaped like dolmen. From the XIIth Xth centuries BC, the eastern Mediterranean underwent considerable upheaval of transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, called "sub-apennique" or "proto-Villanovan?. There are cemeteries where the remains of dead cremated in urns of clay lie buried (the "civilization of the fields of urns"). In this mode of burial, incineration was due to internal migration in Italy or from outside North and East. At the same time, groups of people arriving from the Aegea settled in Latium and Etruria. From the tenth century BC onwards, Italy was divided into two zones separated by the Tiber. North and west of the Tiber, Villanova dominated civilization. The Villanovan Culture comprises of two groups of people who are fairly close but culturally different: in the north around Bologna and Tuscany in and around Rome. They settled in Campania in the eighth century BC. In the fifth century BC, the Etruscan people invade Campania and displaced Villanovans (between Florence and Rome) across central Italy. The Etruscan civilization is derived both from the Villanovan legacy and Greek influences.

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[...] From 59 Nero sinks gradually dabs madness. He fiat murder his mother Agrippina. Seneca alienated and withdrew after the death of Burrus in 62. He executed his wife Octavia to marry Poppaea. In 64, Rome was devastated by a terrible fire. His reputation is horrible at 65. During a theatrical performance, he appears on stage and shocked the world Senate. It follows a series of law enforcement regarding Seneca, the philosopher's Republican senators and some great Roman generals whom Nero was suspicious. [...]

[...] This war has become modern man's needs, equipment becoming more sophisticated and more expensive. It is in this context that the aristocratic families to leave the onslaught of communal power. When one speaks of aristocracy or nobility, in the late thirteenth century, this concept covers several different social strata but Allied: - The municipal aristocracy, after the consular aristocracy (judges) of the previous century, as at Peronne Baglioni family. - The feudal lords living in the city much of the year. [...]

[...] It follows thirteen years of civil war and anarchy. At his death, Antoine, one of his lieutenants, Consul, continues the work of Caesar. But Octavian (later Augustus), Caesar's adopted nephew, is therefore the legal heir. Octavian, Antony and Lepidus (former master of cavalry of Caesar) form the second triumvirate in 43 BC. The Republicans were defeated at Philippi in the same year and the triumvirate divide the world: Anthony gets the East Africa Lepidus and Octavius the remains of the West. [...]

[...] They are allies and lead a common political tolerance. Licinius Constantine who conspires against the bat in 323-324 and is the only sovereign of the entire Roman world until his death in 337. He converted to Christianity in 313 by political considerations. Sympathy for the doctrine of Arius (priest of Alexandria who denied the divine nature of Christ at the origin of the Arian heresy that divided Christendom for several centuries) due to the possibility of approximating the function of 'Emperor, vicar of God on earth, the model of Christ. [...]

[...] This has been a slow transformation of society and silent. In 653, King Ariperto 1st officially embraced Christianity and the year 698 marks the end of heresy. The early eighth century shows us an entirely Christian society, organized around parishes or dioceses. These centers are truly the heart of the spiritual life, social life and constitute a strong element of local patriotism. The names become either Lombard or Roman; mixed marriages are allowed, Lombards gradually take the language and customs Roman dress: the end of ethnic dualism between Romans and Barbarians. [...]