Turkey: between Empire and Republic, between Ottomanism and Kemalism

Irene M.

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Turkey: between Empire and Republic, between Ottomanism and Kemalism

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Thus the purpose of this work will be to try and assess the claim of total rupture of Kemalism with the legacy of the Ottoman Empire and to examine the origins and nature of Turkish nationalism and its influence on the structure of Turkish society. The first chapter will treat the issue of rupture between the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey in order to see if there is continuity or not. The second chapter will deal with Ataturk?s nation building project (which I will describe and explore), with the problem of knowing if it was solely his creation or if it had more profound roots, and with the question of knowing if it really was a smooth uniformisation process as depicted, or if it was a more difficult process than usually described. Finally, the third chapter will attempt to show how the answers to those questions define an ongoing trend that can serve to illuminate and to give us a better understanding of the problems and perspectives of the political and social picture of Turkey in the 21st century.

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From Ottoman Empire to republic continuity or rupture?.
1. New borders?.
2. New demographic composition?.
3. From late Ottoman Empire to early Republic.
4. Centralization, the only common denominator between Empire and early Republic?.
The construction of Turkish unity.
1. The initial years.
2. The rise of ´High Kemalism´ from the 30's onwards.
3. The nation as a focus of supreme loyalty?.
4. Reactions to Kemalism and state responses.
From the end of the Atatürk era to contemporary Turkey.
1. From the democratic party rule to the first return of Kemalism.
2. The 1960's : islamists finally enter the political picture.
3. The 1970's period of uncertainty and coalition governments.
4. The 1980 coup, the new rise of Islamist parties and the return of Kemalism.
5. Change of heart or change of message?.
6. Turkey between secularism and Islamism or on its way to democracy?.
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Extraits

[...] Apart from mortality due to war and deprivation, large-scale migration also impacted the population of Anatolia. All through the nineteenth en early twentieth centuries, Muslims fled from territories which were lost by the empire to Christian revolting states (Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece are some examples) under the influence of nationalism. Eventually, these people were resettled in Anatolia. The loss of the predominantly Christian areas and the immigration of Muslims meant that as early as 1913, for the first time in its entire history, the Ottoman Empire had a Turkish majority. [...]

[...] The protest ended with the intervention of the army which finally opened fire killing 23 protestors and dispersing the crowd. The other similar documented protest occurred in Bursa in 1933 after the passing of the law concerning the proclamation of the prayer in Turkish. This law though, was not immediately followed at the Ulu mosque, where the prayer was called in Arabic according to customs. The rest of the incident is best described by Brocket in the following words this particular occasion a local police officer happened to be present and subsequently declared his intention to report the “offenders” to his superiors. [...]

[...] Turkey: between empire and republic, between ottomanism and kemalism An account of the roots of the social and political dynamics present in contemporary Turkey. Introduction 3 I/From Ottoman empire to republic continuity or rupture? 7 A/New borders? 7 B/New demographic composition? 8 C/From late Ottoman Empire to early Republic 1/The beginning of the Tanzimat reforms 9 2/The young Ottomans period and the rule of Abdulhamid II 10 3/The young Turks: from rise to power to republic 11 Centralization, the only common denominator between Empire and early Republic? [...]

[...] As a result, the tension between the military and the Welfare Party and the antagonism between the Islamists and secular public opinion escalated. This provided a legitimate framework to bring the Welfare Party to court in May 1997. Consequently, Erbakan was banned from politics and the Welfare Party was outlawed in January 1998 by the Constitutional Court on the grounds that it violated the principles of secularism and the law of the political parties. Thus even though Islamist parties have been on the rise in Turkey from 1983 onwards (finally rallying the Islamist electorate basis that has been there as a result of the Ottoman legacy which Atatürk did not succeed at completely erasing), in the course of the last decade there also emerged groups which were critical of the shift of state elites away from the legacy of Atatürk and which “expressed a clear wish for the reinstitution of the official Turkish identity which was viewed as secular, nationalist, statist, republican, populist, and reformist in an early republican sense.” (Kadioglu: 190) As we have seen the leading group advocating the return to Kemalsim has been none other than the army. [...]

[...] Of course the other main goal was to achieve ideological unity between the elite and the masses thus strengthening the national sentiment of unity, but also the control over the population. The six principles devised at the third RPP party congress were Republicanism, Nationalism, Populism, Etatism, Secularism and Reformism/Revolutionism. They have been thoroughly examined elsewhere[9] and thus I will not overextend the argument here. It will suffice to remark that liberalism and democracy, which were widespread notions in the western models Turkey wanted to emulate were not part of the program of the party. [...]

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