Le mouvement des droits civiques aux États-Unis

Résumé du document

En réaction à la situation, les noirs américains s'unissent pour changer le système. Dans les années 50 et 60, leur mouvement a été surnommé "le mouvement des droits civiques". Cette expression semble la seule à pouvoir englober les nombreuses doctrines de cette époque. Des législations nécessaires ont été adoptées dans les années 50 et 60 et le mouvement a été largement incorporé au courant dominant, perdant beaucoup de sa force. Mais des groupes résiduels n'ont pas abandonné leur ambition d'extirper le racisme de la société américaine. Afin de comprendre les étapes traversées par le mouvement, nous procéderons chronologiquement dans notre analyse du combat pour des droits égaux.

Extraits

[...] She is the most published African American woman despite censorship from the New York Times for her pro-Palestinian writings. Using poetry isn't new to the movement Langston Hughes wrote in the beginning of the 20th century, in the middle of the jazz age to denounce injustice. Other more widely known authors include Alice Walker (The Color Purple) and Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison (Beloved) both of whom relied on historical accounts of African Americans to tie them back to the present. [...]

[...] There is a form of unity in terms of party preference, but since the assassinations of Malcolm and Martin, no one has really succeeded in mobilizing African Americans by invoking the fight for equal rights. Rev. Jesse Jackson did run for president, but to put things plainly, he was a joke. H e is a symbol of black politics, because he doesn't fall into the quota politicians and has a religious background, but he didn't have the drive to change his people's voting patterns. Black politicians today have integrated the system and have stopped fighting for their people's rights, just as W.E.B. [...]

[...] He started off his political life as a preacher for the Nation of Islam. His speeches were anti-white and called for Black Nationalism (explained by Huey in the comic strip). Some of the key phrases that are still used today from his speeches include ballot or the bullet” in reference to the lack of equal voting rights and any means necessary” describing the type of action that African Americans should consider. These parts of his discourse were later used by the Black Panthers of Oakland who invoked their constitutional right to bear arms. [...]

[...] This work brought self-help and self-respect to neighborhoods frustrated and alienated by decades of neglect. The militant action consisted in policing their own neighborhoods by protecting them from violence by official policemen. The Black Panthers were the concrete expression of Malcolm X's invitation to “stop singing and start swinging”. They influenced fashion along the lines of their motto “black and proud” by encouraging stars to transgress white norms for black fashion to stop straightening their hair, grow beards, wear African clothes, etc. [...]

[...] W.E.B Dubois responded that the “talented tenth” of the race should be completely integrated to the nation's professional and intellectual life. Marcus Garvey's doctrine, more characteristic of counterculture was not to demand equality, but to withdraw from American life and immigrate back to Africa. Marcus Garvey influenced the fathers of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X who were to be the main voices of the Civil Rights movement in the 60's. Malcolm X's point of view is often misread and most people aren't aware of his doctrine's later developments. [...]