What historical factors played the greatest role in defining the Arab society and culture since the eighteenth century?

Roxane B.

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What historical factors played the greatest role in defining the Arab society and culture since the eighteenth century?

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From the seventh to the eighteenth century, the Arab World has formed a large area regrouping a Muslim population, sharing a common religion and culture. In different parts of the Islamic World, Islam was the bound between the Umma. Since the fourteenth century, the main part of the Arab world had been under the Ottoman domination. The eighteenth century is a turning point in the history of that world. Hourani calls that period "the changing balance of power in the eighteenth century". The Arab World, which had been in expansion from the seventh to the seventeenth century, was not anymore the powerful region it used to be. This century is also the one of the changing of dominant power. The Ottoman domination gave way to the European one. Among European countries, most shared the idea that the strength of a nation was enhanced by the conquest of new territories. The Arab world became a zone of competition between the European powers, which had a lot of influence on the Arab Society. The History of the Arab World is inextricably linked to the domination of a great power, first Ottoman and then European.

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Introduction.
Ottoman Empire: Decline and end.
1. The Ottoman Empire.
2. Its failure to adapt its economy and especially its industry to the European economy.
3. Different interpretations of Islam.
The Arab population under European colonialism.
1. The nineteenth century.
2. The word colonialism.
3. The first major conquest of an Arab country.
4. 'The Sick European Man'.
The rise of nationalism and the fight for independence.
1. The growth of nationalism in the Arab countries.
2. The Second World War.
3. The Palestinian question.
Conclusion.
Works cited.

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Extraits

[...] Ibid Hourani, A History of The Arab Peoples, 345-347. Ibid, 355-357. Hourani, A History of The Arab People Celia Rothenberg, “Ghada: Village Rebel or Political Protestor?,” in Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East, ed. Edmund Burke III and David N. Yaghoubian (Berkeley : University of California Press, 2006), 319- 338. Charles Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict : A History with Documents (Boston : Bedford/St.Martin's, 2004), 505. [...]

[...] The Europeans destabilized the Middle East at many different levels. One of them is about the end of religious cohabitation among states. Sami Zubaida gives an interesting example of An Iraqi country doctor”. Naji was a Jewish Doctor. During all his childhood, he had never been discriminated because of his religion. When he became a doctor, he ended up in the countryside because the prestigious specializations were not opened to Jews. Actually, the tolerance which had prevailed among the Iraqi society began to erode during the British occupation.[16] The period of colonisation is a major historical factor as it explains the present Arab World. [...]

[...] Julia Clancy Smith in her story about Saykh and His Daughter: coping in Colonial Alegeria”, gives an interesting depiction of the situation of Algerian people under colonialism. This story is about the succession of the Shaykh Muhammad Idn Abi al-Qasim, at the head of the oasis of al-Hamil, at the end of the nineteenth century. French authorities knew that the Shaykh had a great influence over the population of the region and also a kind of independence. He was coping with them but not working for them. [...]

[...] However, it does not mean that all the inhabitants of the Empire were free. Actually, during the nineteenth century, slavery was still a common practice. On that point, the historian Ehud R. Toleado gives an interesting view of slavery through the story of “Shemsigul : a Circassian slave in Mid-nineteenth-Century Cairo”.[2] Shemsigul was a young ciracassian slave bought in 1850 in an Istanbul slave market by a slave dealer. Slavery was a legal practice, but slaves could not be Muslim believers, thus the people enslaved came from different ethnicities, including Christians and Jews. [...]

[...] [21]Within the twenty years following the end of the war, the Arab colonies granted their independence. However after several decades of foreign occupation, everything was to be reconstructed, the end of European presence let the Arab countries independent for the first time since many centuries. However, the European imprint remained. The Palestinian question is probably one of the most disastrous evidence of the consequences of foreign inroad in the Middle East. The idea of a Jewish national hearth in Palestine was first encouraged by the British Balfour's declaration of 1917. [...]

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