Ethnic entrepreneurship

Résumé du document

The recent growth of new ethnic populations in Western societies raised lots of issues. In fact, the ethnic activity is not any more a question of historic interest; nor is it the concern of the company. Because new ethnic populations grew at the same time as Western economies, they are in a phase of slow growth and are facing the massive technological challenge; the ethnic adaptation and the mobility are central questions(Waldinger 1990). In Europe, the activities managed by persons of minority ethnic groups were always present, but changeable historic circumstances increased jutting out to them and visibility during the last decades.

First of all, the important immigration of former colonies of Southern Europe and North Africa led to a considerable migration. Secondly, thirty years of economic change caused a fundamental transformation of the labor market and a general change of the employment in big companies to the independent work in young companies. This tendency struck certain groups of immigrant much harder than the other native populations, which is reflected by the higher unemployment rate among the immigrants (Barret and all. 1996). Thirdly, the second-hand structure for ethnic activities became more favorable as the change of Europe the industrial structure led to a reappearance of small and medium-sized enterprises (Blaschke 1990).

Extraits

[...] And in fact, an extensive literature explores this theme and attempts to explain the phenomenon of ethnic entrepreneurship. Different approaches exist in this vast corpus, but a general question guide all research in the field. How ethnic groups manage to adapt to available resources in their environment and how this adaptation varies Does different contexts and times? Many researchers work led to theories now known in the field; the first studies dating back to 1970 (Light 1979). First, the theories of ethnic enclave highlight the economic factors that are determinants (Portes, 1987; Portes and Bach, 1985). [...]

[...] Entrepreneurship research seems driven by two approaches complementary. The first is dedicated to providing empirical analyzes of some thin dimension of the phenomenon. The second seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of integrating multiple levels of analysis. It is clear that ethnic groups have their own culture, their own history. Their economic realities are the fruits of their socio-cultural values ​​accepted and taught in families and other groups of belonging. These values not always favor business creation. Negative factors limiting development efforts, plunging whole countries into poverty. [...]

[...] The history of ethnic entrepreneurship in the USA also explains why the research in this subject has its roots there. While most authors who have studied immigrant entrepreneurs agree there at worst recognize the particular difficulties (problems with language skills, even adaptation to the rules and formalities of the host country; nostalgia of country of origin - Ray (1988), - or perception of discrimination on the labor market, Light (1972); Bovenderk (1995) - or the credit market with difficult access to financing) and, at best, a history and culture common and shared them together, theories, informed by situations different, then diverge on responses by individuals and / or by groups. [...]

[...] Ethnic entrepreneurship TABLE OF CONTENTs I. INTRODUCTION . Page 2-3 II. ETHNIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEFINITION . Page 4 III. THE CONCEPT . Page 5-6 IV. ENTREPRENEURIAL THEORY . Page 7-8-9 V. ETHNIC NICHE . Page 10 VI. CONCLUSION . [...]

[...] So, entrepreneurs promote more trade often than with members of their origin. And the network is formed based on ethnicity, under privileged exchanges, which reinforces the informal networks of family and friendship relations. Moreover, we noted the importance of close family and co-ethnic in the operation of the company because they are those with the most of the aid paid, often low paid and sometimes unpaid. VII. REFERENCES BARRET,G., T. JONES and D. McEVOY (1996), ‘Ethnic minority business: theoretical discourse in Britain and North America', Urban Studies, 783–809. [...]